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MIAMI—In Chris Kirchner’s freshman English classes at Coral Reef Senior High School, novels like “To Kill a Mockingbird” and “The Great Gatsby” have been squeezed off the syllabus to make room for nonfiction texts including “The Glass Castle” and “How to Re-Imagine the World.” For the first time, students will read only excerpts of classics like “The Odyssey” and “The House on Mango Street” instead of the entire book. And Kirchner will assign less independent reading at home, but will require students to write more essays, and push them to make connections across multiple texts.
“I’m trying to go big with the change and see what works,” says Kirchner, who has taught English in Miami-Dade schools for more than 30 years.
The “change” Kirchner refers to is the introduction of the Common Core: the education standards adopted by Florida along with 44 other states and the District of Columbia. The standards do not constitute a curriculum, but they lay out general education principles and skills students should master at different grade levels. All Florida public school educators are supposed to start adapting their teaching to the new standards this school year; students will be tested on them for the first time in 2015.
For high school English teachers like Kirchner, the Common Core is prompting consequential and contentious changes in what students read and how the books are taught: The new standards call for a focus on depth over breadth, more challenging readings, and increased emphasis on nonfiction. Students will be expected to make written arguments using specific evidence from reading assignments, often pulling together examples from multiple texts. No longer should teachers ask students to write solely based on their personal experience or opinion—arguing for or against school uniforms, for instance.
“It’s encouraged me to give up some practices I had a great allegiance to,” says Kirchner, “specifically, the teaching of whole novels.”
Several high school English teachers interviewed about the changes say they agree with the standards in theory, particularly the emphasis on critical thinking and close reading. But they worry about the impact on low-income students who are more likely to read below grade level and struggle with the fundamentals of literary analysis (much less making connections across multiple and challenging texts).
“We have great students, intelligent students. It’s just that they are not where they should be,” says Alexandria Martin, an English teacher at Miami Carol City Senior High School, where 80 percent of the students qualify for free and reduced lunch. “Students will eventually rise to the occasion, but it will take some growing pains first.”
Caught between the old and new
One afternoon a month into the school year, Kirchner asked her freshman students what type of reading would be most valued in high school.
With some prodding, Kirchner got the answer she was looking for: Close reading.
“Kids who are forced to grow up very quickly are more likely to find it ludicrous to spend a lot of time on why this author chooses one word over another. Contemplating why an author repeats a word three times can almost seem like a hilarious luxury they can’t afford.” — Chris Kirchner, English teacher at Miami’s Coral Reef Senior High School
Kirchner held her pointer finger and thumb in a circle around her eye like a monocle and buried her face in a book to illustrate the practice. She then asked her students to practice some close reading on their own, analyzing short passages from books including Elie Wiesel’s “Night” for diction, context, main idea, and literary motif.
In previous years, Kirchner would not have asked freshmen to do close reading and textual analysis on their own so early in the school year. “Common Core is more of a discovery-based model,” she says. “The big change is being comfortable letting kids mess up.”
Florida teachers are caught this year between the old way and the new one since students will be tested on the Sunshine State Standards for a final time this spring. Kirchner decided to go full bore with the Common Core, however, and spent much of the summer revamping her syllabus. She was merciless in cutting novels, replacing them with not only nonfiction, but also with short stories and plays. In an attempt to challenge students, she added Shakespeare’s “Twelfth Night” and the play “Cyrano de Bergerac” to the lineup. Instead of writing two papers with citations over the course of the school year, the students will write six.
Kirchner and other English teachers say they are assigning multiple readings on similar themes so students will be prepared to make connections between different passages on the PARCC exams. The PARCC is a consortium designing tests aligned with the Common Core that several states will likely begin using in 2015. (Florida was an early leader of the consortium, but appears increasingly likely to drop out and develop its own Common-Core aligned assessments at Gov. Rick Scott’s request.)
Adrienne Paone, an English teacher at Pedro Menendez High School in St. Augustine, will assign students a few nonfiction articles on gun control as an accompaniment to the memoir “A Long Way Gone,” which exposes the plight of child soldiers in Africa. And she will assign students multiple texts on the theme of injustice during the unit on “To Kill a Mockingbird,” including Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech. In their writing, students will have to draw on examples across the different texts.
“I’m trying to mimic what I think might happen on the PARCC,” said Paone.
Looking for guidance
Not all Miami-area English teachers have shifted full throttle into Common Core—at least not yet. At Carol City Senior High School, Martin and her colleague Nichole Dino say they are waiting for more guidance from school and district leaders on when, and how, to start teaching the standards.
“They’ve mentioned the different standards and how they look, but there’s been no deep discussion,” said Martin during an interview in September. While many of the teachers at Coral Reef Senior High attended voluntary state-run professional development sessions on the Common Core, Martin and Dino have very few colleagues who went. (Two of their fellow teachers at Carol City planned to attend a district-sponsored session on Common Core and secondary English instruction in October, however.) They hope at least some future sessions include some guidance on teaching Common Core in low-income communities.
“I hope there are experts who’ve worked in schools that look similar to ours,” said Martin. “A lot of times, the people who run PD come from affluent schools,” she said, referring to professional development.
When the teachers at Carol City dive into the Core they will face challenges that the staff at Coral Reef—a magnet school where far more of the students come from middle-class families—do not have to worry about.
At Coral Reef, Kirchner can easily make changes to her reading assignments because she knows most of the students can afford to buy the books on their own. But at Carol City, Martin and Dino know several of their students could not shoulder an additional expense; the teachers have to wait for the school to obtain the books before requiring a text (not always a quick or easy process).
Moreover, a higher percentage of students at Carol City read below grade level, making it harder to introduce more challenging texts. Martin and Dino were surprised when they saw a list of recommended readings for different grade levels under the new standards. Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart,” which Dino reads with her 12th graders, was listed under ninth grade. The “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” and poems by Walt Whitman and Robert Frost, which the teachers currently introduce in high school, were labeled middle-school texts.
The Carol City teachers also worry that many of their students will struggle to make the leap to the more formal and sophisticated approach to literary analysis the standards call for. The students tend to prefer authors they can relate to, and many of them like writing first-person narratives more than evidence-based analysis. They loved Edgar Allen Poe, for instance, not for his use of language, but because they could understand “why he would write so dark” based on learning the details of his tragic life, said Dino.
“They like things that hit close to home,” said Martin.
Even though she now teaches in a school dominated by students from middle-class homes, Kirchner can understand the other teachers’ concerns since she worked in high-poverty schools for several years.
Kirchner supports the Common Core over all. But she adds that the Core’s emphasis on dispassionate, deliberate analysis is somewhat at odds with a quickness of mind and emotional intelligence that tend to be strengths of students growing up in “hard environments.”
“Kids who are forced to grow up very quickly are more likely to find it ludicrous to spend a lot of time on why this author chooses one word over another,” Kirchner said. “Contemplating why an author repeats a word three times can almost seem like a hilarious luxury they can’t afford.”
Thanks to learning about this Sarah Carr story from Diane Ravitch, I linked this story and wrote this: “Massive Censorship as Common Core Kills the Mockingbird; Expect Silence from the American Library Association”
I believe the Common Core strategy will eventually produce more thoughtful students, better leaders, and wiser citizens. More of the same has proven itself the wrong solution to America’s public education problems. Recent hearings for the newly implemented Common Core program in Hillsborough County demonstrated that parents and teachers are equally passionate, pro and con. So, why not try a different approach?
It’s been my experience that students struggle mostly because the subject is made boring by bored instructors using boring texts and teaching methods, in stifling classrooms. Conventional thinking tells us that dumbing down a subject makes it easier to grasp. I think that dumbing down the work makes it so uninteresting that students lose interest in the subject altogether.
Students are made dull by dull teaching methodology. The collaboration among students allows the brighter students to help the weaker ones, to great advantage, as our great grandparents did in one room schoolhouses. Student collaboration also creates a higher energy learning environment, making it harder to fall asleep in class.
And, how marvelous to develop writing skills in the process of solving math problems. Writing out problems and solutions fully engages the mind. If you can’t write about something, you don’t understand it. I have every hope that this type of integrated learning will turn out better writers than the miserably unskilled variety that we see coming out of high school AND college now.
I think another value from the Common Core is not to put the burden entirely on ELA teachers. If teachers of history, social studies, science, math, physical education, music and art all require students to read nonfiction books on class curriculum, the nonfiction requirement will be more than met. Kids will do a lot more reading and learning across the board. It will open up their world to the many voices out there who write to share their knowledge and passions.
“It’s encouraged me to give up some practices I had a great allegiance to,” says Kirchner, “specifically, the teaching of whole novels.”
That’s reason enough to oppose CCSS right there.
As a 20 year veteran teacher in my 3rd year of working with CCSS, I’ve found that it has caused a substantial narrowing of the ELA curriculum–to what will be on the test, and it has robbed students of choice and voice. ELA used to be a place where students could use their imaginations, but now it’s all about testing. Students are required to write only argument, informative, and narrative papers–no poetry, no drama, none of thousands of other genres. This approach will make students hate ELA and school. It’s already happening.
As a teacher and teacher trainer of 30 years, I have observed the way the Common Core is implemented in Hillsborough – with no infusion of Art/Music, evidenced based group discussion, project based learning, or enrichment as suggested by many educational experts in ither states. The content is heavy handed, the philosophy sound, and the interpretation as to best methods of execution (good word!) awful! Common Core is not the problem – implementation using mind numbing scripted lessons and lecture/note-taking pedagogy kills all creativity, innovation, social-emotional learning, and intrinsic motivation. The Bureaucraticzation of the American education system will take another sad toll. Smaller classes, smart, creative smart, well paid teachers, creative freedom, technology as exploratory resource, and whole student focus coupled with interesting, motivating, relevant, and challenging knowledge and ideas, and deep learning are needed. Forget bit minded Gates – visit Edutopia and learn about Lucas’s expansive view of teaching common core with innovative methods: project based/problem solving learning, interdisciplinary deep student driven learning, authentic assessment, social emotional learning, and quality teacher training that does not involve mid-1950 approaches. Ask Yourself: Does your public school look like the quality expensive upper middle class private school down the road – No! There you go! Visit NAIS – and run every public school like a private school where you will find the curricular design and delivery I describe…put fewer billions into the pockets of ‘Big Pub’ to design corporate enriching another round of standardized testing of questionable validity and reliability and more into using the funding the best private school models at the public school level – and students will thrive. Putting corporate interests and political ideology into schools is like putting poison in the well.